Mennonite
Central
Committee

Chapter 4: Cluster Munition Use in Sudan

Clusters of Death
Copyright © 2000, Mennonite Central Committee

• Chapter 4: Cluster Munition Use in Sudan

  • Background to the Conflict
  • Incidents Involving the Use of Cluster Bombs: 1995-2000
  • Eyewitness Accounts
  • Condemnation by the International Community
  • Efforts at Unexploded Ordnance Clearance
  • Notes for Chapter 4

 

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(See note on this section.⁽¹⁾)

The frequent bombing of Chukudum caused a number of student [sic] to escape in Kakum refugees camp in Kenya in search of education. Some teachers to leave teaching due to fear [sic]. The cluster bombs which were first used against us around April 1995 was something new and terrifying than ever, because it killed people even after the plane had left unlike the previous onces[sic].⁽²⁾

Background to the Conflict

Sudan has been torn apart by internal conflict since 1956, but the current civil war began in 1983 when fighting broke out between the Government of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). The war started when the southern rebels demanded a bigger role in government and protested the government's efforts to "Islamize" the Christian and animist south. Furthermore, in 1991 the southern rebels split into different factions and began fighting against each other.⁽³⁾ Since the war began, estimates place the number of internally displaced Sudanese people at four million, while it is estimated that two million have been killed. Over one million Sudanese live in exile in other countries.⁽⁴⁾ Currently the country is ruled as an Islamist state by a military government under President General Omar Hassan al-Bashir, who took power by military coup in 1989.⁽⁵⁾

The war being waged by the government is largely one of aerial bombardment against the south.

Sources report that the Air Force uses some version of the Russian Antonov cargo plane (often the Antonov-32) in its bombing attacks.⁽⁶⁾ The government frequently uses cluster weapons in the attacks as well. Unexploded cluster munitions found on the ground in Sudan by mine-clearing groups include Soviet manufactured PTAB 1.5 AT variants⁽⁷⁾ and PM-1 submunitions originally of Chilean design but from an unknown manufacturer.⁽⁸⁾

Though limited United Nations sanctions are in place against Sudan, many countries are still able to do business in Sudan, particularly in the petroleum sector. Those countries include China, France, Italy, Qatar, Iran, Canada, Great Britain, Malaysia, Germany and The Netherlands.⁽⁹⁾ Investment in the Sudanese oil industry continues despite fears that oil development would only fund more government weapons acquisition.⁽¹⁰⁾

Many international non-governmental organizations have accused the government of targeting civilians in that bombing campaign. John Eibner of Christian Solidarity International said, "The GOS makes no meaningful distinction between the SPLA and the civilian population as it prosecutes the war in the south, the Nuba Mountains and other marginalized areas."⁽¹¹⁾

In an article published in the International Herald Tribune, Susan Rice, the assistant U.S. secretary of state for African affairs, and David Scheffer, the U.S. ambassador at large for war crimes issues, write:

[The Sudanese government] uses terror against civilians as a weapon of choice . . . No citizen of Sudan is free from government attack. . . . Transport planes frequently drop cluster bombs on civilian settlements without even the pretense of military necessity.⁽¹²⁾

Incidents Involving the Use of Cluster Bombs: 1995-2000

On 12 March 1995, the GOS dropped anti-personnel cluster bombs around the Catholic Church compound in Chukudum.⁽¹³⁾

On 20 April 1995, one GOS Antonov dropped five cluster bombs on the cultivated land surrounding Chukudum. Since this bombing, harvest on these fields was stopped due to unexploded ordnance, causing a shortage of food in a very fertile area. Over a year after this bombing, in May 1996, one 15-year-old girl was killed and another suffered head injuries when cluster bombs from the April 1995 attack were set on fire by local people. According to the survivor, Lucia Rose Noboi:

My friend Margret who stood in front of me was killed instantly by shrapnel. Father Maurice Loguti arrived shortly afterwards and gave her the last sacrament. I suffer from constant headache, my right eye is constantly running with tears and sometimes blood and puss come out of my nose. The doctor hopes that my condition will improve.⁽¹⁴⁾

According to SPLA Nairobi representative Pagan Amum and Christian Solidarity International, the GOS dropped cluster bombs on the village of Chukudum at least thirteen times between June 13 and July 11, 1996.⁽¹⁵⁾

On 17 June 1996, twelve bombs, six of which were cluster bombs, were dropped on Chukudum and surrounding areas in southern Sudan. Though no one was killed, the bomblets reportedly fell next to the primary school and the Roman Catholic church. Unexploded bomblets were also found lying close to huts on a mountain slope and on grain fields outside the city. Chukudum, a town of 5,500 people, has been a primary target of the GOS. According to non-governmental organization Christian Solidarity International, the village was bombarded seventeen times between August 1993 and July 1996.⁽¹⁶⁾

The government has denied CSI's allegations of cluster bomb use. Ali Sadiq of the Sudanese embassy in Nairobi said, "I want to make it categorically clear that Sudan does not possess cluster bombs," though at the same time CSI was distributing photos that showed evidence of the bombing. In response to charges that the government was targeting civilians, Sadiq maintained that Chukudum has no civilian population, only large SPLA camps.⁽¹⁷⁾ According to the SPLA, however, incidences of cattle rustling in the area had recently increased, so tribal leaders were meeting to resolve the problem, and the GOS was targeting those peace talks. Gunnar Wiebalck of CSI quoted the local SPLA commander: "The Government wants the people of southern Sudan to remain divided. They also know that there is a clinic [in Chukudum]. They are after our clinic. Please come to our rescue here in southern Sudan. We are being annihilated."⁽¹⁸⁾ CSI reported, "The worst thing is that the people in Chukudum are very frightened. They have stopped cultivating the fields on which bombs fell. Locals fear that many children will be killed by the hundreds of still unexploded mini-grenades which the cluster bomb released over wide areas of Chukudum."⁽¹⁹⁾

Sudanese opposition accused the GOS of using cluster bombs in air raids against the Eritrean army on 24-25 August 1997.⁽²⁰⁾

During the first two weeks of February 1998, the GOS attacked civilian targets from the air in the region of Bahr El Ghazal. Attacks on at least seven locations involved the use of cluster bombs.⁽²¹⁾ On February 8, Gong Mayar, 40, a Dinka farmer near the Adet airstrip, said he heard the distant buzz of a plane's engines immediately followed by the sound of the bomb falling, then exploding. He ran out of his house and found his wife, Arok Reec, 25, face down in the dust about 50 yards away, bleeding from the back and the head. He carried her inside and laid her next to their two children. "She was still alive," he said, "but within five minutes she passed away. I do not know what this war is about. What I know is that they are just killing indiscriminately. They are not targeting the people who are fighting them."⁽²²⁾

According to United Nations field coordinator Claude Jibidar, Russian Antonov cargo planes dropped twelve cluster bombs between late January 1998 and March 1998.⁽²³⁾ On 1 March 1998, sixteen civilians were killed in the market in the town of Thiet when a bomb hit there.⁽²⁴⁾

According to the International Committee for the Red Cross, as of 1 June 1998, Lokichoggio Lupiding Hospital in northwestern Kenya had seen five thousand Sudanese amputees from mines and related explosives. The government of Sudan itself reported to the UN Department for Humanitarian Affairs five hundred thousand amputees in government-controlled areas of Sudan.⁽²⁵⁾

While peace talks between the GOS and the SPLA were taking place in Cairo on 3 August 1998, Sudanese air force planes attacked the villages of Koba and Lomon in the Nuba Mountains "using fire and cluster bombs." In Koba, one civilian was killed and three wounded, while in Lomon, two were killed and three wounded.⁽²⁶⁾ The government declared a ceasefire in the ten federal states of southern Sudan on 3 August 1998, but that area does not include the Nuba Mountains.⁽²⁷⁾

At 1 a.m. on 28 September 1998, the GOS dropped one cluster bomb unit on a hospital complex in the town of Yei in southern Sudan. The hospital was hit by more than one hundred bomblets,⁽²⁸⁾ and fifty-five of them failed to explode.⁽²⁹⁾ One patient was injured, and the hospital's recovery ward was damaged. According to Norwegian People's Aid, this was the fourth time the hospital had been bombed since April 1997.⁽³⁰⁾ Dan Eiffe (or Effie), NPA's Nairobi-based liaison officer, told the BBC in an interview on 30 September 1998 that all the roofs of the hospital complex have large red crosses painted on them and that for that reason it could not be supposed that it was not deliberately targeted. The attack was just "part of a policy to destroy the south," he said, adding that in his personal opinion "this is a war of genocide, where they want this land without people."⁽³¹⁾

On 30 September 1998, an Antonov-32 dropped one cluster bomb unit on Nimule. It landed approximately four hundred meters away from the Norwegian People's Aid Hospital, killing one person and wounding two more.⁽³²⁾

As a result of increased bombings in the province of Equatoria in southern Sudan, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) conducted an investigation of the incidents. According to a February 2000 MSF report, a non-exhaustive list of bombings includes sixty bombings between January 1999 and January 2000 in towns and villages including Narus, Chukudum, Labone, Kajo Keji, Maridi, Yei, Ikotos, Loka, Lainya, Parajok, Tali Post, and Morobo. The sixty bombings include a total of four hundred bombs dropped on the civilian population, killing at least twenty-two people and wounding fifty-one. At least four of the bombings involved the use of cluster weapons. MSF maintains that the government of Sudan violated international humanitarian law by engaging in:

bombings that are deliberately aimed at the civilian population and civilian targets, in particular against sanitary structures and injured and sick people, and the use of weapons containing chemical products and cluster weapons [that] are forbidden by the Humanitarian Law.⁽³³⁾

Because of the repeated bombings, the attendance of patients in these three hospitals has been reduced to 25% and sometimes even 40%. The pre-birth clinics, which were regularly visited by pregnant women, and the maternity hospitals are basically empty. As a result of the insecurity, women prefer giving birth at home, and the ill sometimes arrive too late at hospital.⁽³⁴⁾

On 16 May 1999, ignoring a mutual famine area cease-fire, a GOS Antonov dropped twenty-four cluster bombs on Akak in Bahr El Ghazal, next to a food relief drop zone, killing a ten-year-old girl and injuring a boy.⁽³⁵⁾

On 20 June 1999, four cluster bombs were dropped on Kajo Keji, one of which fell inside the MSF-Switzerland compound and another on hospital grounds. The bombs did not explode, and more than one hundred unexploded bomblets were collected. Six bombs were dropped on Yei on the same day.⁽³⁶⁾

In July 1999, several cluster bombs were dropped on the children's playground of the MSF compound in Kajo Keji. None of them exploded.⁽³⁷⁾

On 25 and 26 December 1999, the Sudanese government bombed several locations in the Nuba Mountains. Macram Max Gassis, a Sudanese Catholic bishop, reported, "They throw not only these huge 'barrel bombs,' big barrels filled with shrapnel, but also bombs known as 'cluster bombs.' The purpose of this is to terrorize the civilian population, to make them run to the areas controlled by the regime or go to neighboring countries, as displaced persons and refugees."⁽³⁸⁾

In late April or early May 2000, government troops cleared the area around the town of Bentiu using cluster bombs dropped from high-altitude Antonov planes, as well as helicopter gunships and ground troops who killed male villagers in mass executions and nailed women and children to trees with iron spikes. Gross human rights violations were reported in other villages, including soldiers slitting the throats of children and killing men by hammering nails into their foreheads.⁽³⁹⁾

Eyewitness Accounts

One night, during an aerial bombing on the town of Yei, people woke up as usual and started to run for refuge. As usual the hospital had been targeted. A mother, whose child was admitted in the children's ward, took her child and ran out of the ward and jumped into a foxhole. The Antonov dropped several bombs. One of the bombs dropped in the hospital was a cluster bomb. One of these small bombs landed in the foxhole where the mother and the child had taken refuge. Fortunately the bomb did not explode, but instead landed on the woman's leg and penetrated a few centimeters into her flesh. This terrorized everybody, including the medical staff. The decision to call the OSIL (Operation Save Innocent Lives) people was then taken. One of the staff came and carefully managed to remove the bomb from the flesh and took it away.⁽⁴⁰⁾

At around March/April this year, I was in Nimule for a program review and I have witnessed, astonished and powerless, the death of two young girls, who were daughters of a friend of mine. Their death occurred after the explosion of a cluster bomb. During an aerial bombing last year, a cluster bomb was dropped on the town of Nimule. Several small bombs, which became a sort of antipersonnel mine, were found and disposed of. Unfortunately, one of these bombs remained hidden under the grass and exploded when fire was set for clearing the land. The two young girls were playing in the vicinity of the fire when the bomb blasted and killed both of them instantaneously.⁽⁴¹⁾

Since the beginning of this year, we have been witnessing an intensification of the aerial bombings. This in terms of quantities of bombs dropped, but also in terms of the quality of the bombs. In fact the type of bombs that were thrown on us went from conventional ones to the cluster bombs, and now to chemical/bacteriological bombs.⁽⁴²⁾

I am a Kenya national and I have been working and living in this area for two and a half years now. My major concern is about the military Antonov plane. The psychological effects and the terror of the aerial bombings are touching everybody. Even me, despite the long experience of living under such stress, I am disturbed. Normally I am the one who alerts all the rest of the staff to take refuge in the bunker when I hear the sound of the plane. One time I removed seven cluster bombs from this compound.⁽⁴³⁾

Since the beginning of this year, eighty-nine bombs have been dropped in Mere (town) and Mundari (hospital) some of which were cluster bombs, and till now we do not know how many of them remain unexploded.⁽⁴⁴⁾

Condemnation by the International Community

At a press conference on 10 July 1996, Christian Solidarity International "strongly condemn[ed]" the use of cluster weapons by the GOS against civilians, stating that their use "is outlawed by the Geneva Convention."⁽⁴⁵⁾

In June 1999, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution condemning the Sudanese government for waging a "genocidal war in southern Sudan." The resolution passed the House by a vote of 416 to one.⁽⁴⁶⁾

Médecins Sans Frontières issued a report on 24 March 2000 condemning the indiscriminate bombing of southern Sudan by the Sudanese Air Force. Included in the report are testimonies collected over the year 1999 that demonstrate that the SAF "is deliberately targeting schools and hospitals, causing indiscriminate deaths and injuries and contribuing to a climate of terror among the civilian population." Director of Operations for MSF Thierry Durand said, "Evidence has been found and serious allegations have been made that weapons of internationally prohibited nature are regularly employed against the civilian population, such as cluster bombs and bombs with chemical contents."⁽⁴⁷⁾

Efforts at Unexploded Ordnance Clearance

Following a 17 June 1996 cluster bombing in Chukudum, a team of two staffers from HALO Trust visited there between 6-11 November 1996 to work on bomb removal, to train a local team of community workers (including three SPLA personnel) in the safe disposal of bomblets and to educate children on the correct action to take on finding a bomblet. The team destroyed fifty-four bomblets during their visit. Richard Boulter of HALO Trust reports that the bomblets appear to be Soviet manufactured PTAB 1.5 AT variants ­ similar to the American "Rockeye," but slightly different in the fusing mechanism. According to Boulter's report, the fusing mechanisms were flawed, which is the reason so many bomblets did not explode on impact. Prior to the arrival of the HALO Trust staffers, an unknown number of bomblets had been collected and improperly disposed of by civilians. Some were thrown in the river, others in antholes and pit latrines. The visit was sponsored by Christian Solidarity International and indirectly by the German government.⁽⁴⁸⁾

SPLM/SPLA commissioned Operation Save Innocent Lives (OSIL) ­ Sudan in May 1997 to begin demining and mine awareness work in southern Sudan. Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association, the New Sudan Council of Churches, and the Sudan Working Group joined OSIL in the work. During the first half of 1998 the program cleared forty-eight anti-tank mines and opened two roads of ninety-six kilometers. Five hundred twenty-four AP mines, 248 cluster bombs, and 5,365 pieces of UXO were removed from a three hundred thousand square meter area.⁽⁴⁹⁾

Notes for Chapter 4

1. Rebecca Rich was the primary drafter of this section.

2. Father Maurice Loguti, Catholic priest of Chukudum parish, in a letter to Gunnar Wiebalck of Christian Solidarity International, 11 November 1996, p. 1.

3. See, e.g., U.S. Agency for International Development, "USAID Situation Report on Sudan," Africa News, 13 November 1996.

4. "Sudan: Human Rights Developments," Human Rights Watch World Report 2000, http://www.hrw.org/wr2k/Africa-11.htm, p. 4; "Sudan: The Human Price of Oil," Amnesty International Report AFR 54/01/00, May 2000,
http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/2000/AFR/15400100.htm, p. 3.

5. "Sudan: The Human Price of Oil," Amnesty International Report AFR 54/01/00, May 2000, http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/2000/AFR/15400100.htm, p. 3.

6. See, e.g., Norwegian People's Aid, "The Government of Sudan bombs civilian targets in South Sudan," 7 June 2000, http://www.folkehjelp.no/English/npa_operations/africa/statbomb.html; Médecins Sans Frontières, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," February 2000,
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf; "Government plane bombs feeding centre in southern Sudan," Agence France Presse (Nairobi), 12 June 1998; Moyiga Nduru, "Government Military Planes Bomb Hospital, Killing Eleven," Inter Press Service (Nairobi), 6 March 1998.

7. Richard Boulter, "Summary of Preliminary Findings: Chukudum South Sudan 6-11 November 1996," Christian Solidarity International.

8. E-mail from Richard Boulter, HALO Trust, to Landmine Monitor Researcher Rebecca Rich dated 26 June 2000. Boulter writes, "Cluster munitions were found in the towns of Chukudum, Maridi and Tambura.

9. "Sudan: The Human Price of Oil," Amnesty International Report AFR 54/01/00, May 2000, http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/2000/AFR/15400100.htm, p. 6-7.

10. "Sudan: Human Rights Developments," Human Rights Watch World Report 2000, http://www.hrw.org/wr2k/Africa-11.htm, p. 8.

11. "Prepared Testimony of John Eibner, Assistant to the International President, Christian Solidarity, House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa," Federal News Service, 22 March 1995.

12. Susan Rice and David Scheffer, "Sudan Must End Its Brutal War Against Civilians," International Herald Tribune (Washington), 1 September 1999, p. 6. See below for further reports condemning the government's actions by the international community.

13. "Prepared Testimony of John Eibner, Assistant to the International President, Christian Solidarity, House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa," Federal News Service, 22 March 1995.

14. Gunnar Wiebalck, "Mine-Clearing Chukudum/Sudan," Christian Solidarity International, 13 November 1996, p. 2.

15. Moyiga Nduru, "Messengers of Death from the Sky," Inter Press Service (Nairobi), 11 July 1996.

16. "Khartoum Accused of Bombing Civilians," Africa News (Nairobi), 15 July 1996.

17. Moyiga Nduru, "Messengers of Death from the Sky," Inter Press Service (Nairobi), 11 July 1996.

18. "Khartoum Accused of Bombing Civilians," Africa News (Nairobi), 15 July 1996.

19. Moyiga Nduru, "Government Military Planes Bomb Hospital, Killing Eleven," Inter Press Service (Nairobi), 6 March 1998; U.S. Agency for International Development, "USAID Situation Report on Sudan," Africa News, 13 November 1996; United Nations Commission on Human Rights, "Situation of Human Rights in the Sudan," UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/58, http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/
s/AAF6F25833D055ACC125645A002E509C; "Khartoum Accused of Bombing Citizens," All Africa Press Service (Nairobi), 15 July 1996; "Group accuse Sudan of bombing civilians in south," Agence France Presse (Nairobi), 10 July 1996; "Military Accused of Using Cluster Bombs," Los Angeles Times, 11 July 1996, p. 8; "Rights group accuses Sudan of using cluster bombs," Africa News Service (Nairobi), 10 July 1996; Gunnar Wiebalck, "Mine-Clearing Chukudum/Sudan," Christian Solidarity International, 13 November 1996.

20. "Sudan said to be 'expecting an imminent attack' from Eritrea," Al-Quds al-Arabi (London), 26 August 1997.

21. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Integrated Reginal Information Network for Central and Eastern Africa, "IRIN Update No. 354 for Central and Eastern Africa," 13 February 1998,
http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/
s/2F4C0B78764FCF1DC12565AD0029A974.

22. James C. McKinley Jr., "As Buzzards Circle, Sudan's People Wait for Banned Food," International Herald Tribune, 19 March 1998, p. 8; World Vision International, "Government Bombing Narrowly Misses World Vision Feeding Centre," 11 June 1998.

23. James C. McKinley Jr., "As Buzzards Circle, Sudan's People Wait for Banned Food," International Herald Tribune, 19 March 1998, p. 8.

24. World Vision International, "Government Bombing Narrowly Misses World Vision Feeding Centre," 11 June 1998.

25. All Africa News Agency, "Reclaiming the Land in New Sudan," Africa News (Nairobi), 1 June 1998.

26. "SPLA accuses Khartoum of bombing civilians despite truce," Agence France Presse (Cairo), 4 August 1998.

27. Ibid.

28. Norwegian People's Aid, "The Government of Sudan bombs civilian targets in South Sudan," 7 June 2000, http://www.folkehjelp.no/English/npa_operations/africa/statbomb.html.

29. All Africa News Agency, "War Hysteria Grips Khartoum," Africa News (Nairobi), 12 October 1998.

30. "'Government Warplane' Reportedly Bombs Hospital in Southern Town of Yei," BBC Worldwide Monitoring; US Committee for Refugees, "Crisis in Sudan Update," 30 September 1998, http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/
s/D90BABE4E98723DF8525668F0059E0B5; Norwegian People's Aid, "Repeated terror bombing in South Sudan," 28 September 1998, http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/
s/8E3CC9AB4452F2428525668D0064AACF.

31. All Africa News Agency, "War Hysteria Grips Khartoum," Africa News (Nairobi), 12 October 1998.

32. Norwegian People's Aid, "The Government of Sudan bombs civilian targets in South Sudan," 7 June 2000, http://www.folkehjelp.no/English/npa_operations/africa/statbomb.html.

33. Médecins Sans Frontières, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," February 2000, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, p. 1.

34. Ibid.

35. "Sudan: Human Rights Developments," Human Rights Watch World Report 2000, http://www.hrw.org/wr2k/Africa-11.htm, p. 4.

36. US Committee for Refugees, "USCR Weekly News from Sudan," 1 July 1999, http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/
s/29576AB148107290852567A1007F81CB; Médecins Sans Frontières, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," February 2000,
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, Appendix 1, p. 2.

37. Médecins Sans Frontières, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," February 2000, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, p. 10.

38. "The Hidden Holocaust: An Interview With Bishop Macram Max Gassis of Sudan," America 15 January 2000, p. 9.

39. "Sudan ­ The Human Price of Oil," Amnesty International, M2 Presswire, 3 May 2000; "Oil Exploration Blamed for Rights Abuses in Sudan," The Toronto Star, 4 May 2000.

40. Testimony from the representative of an organization operating in Yei, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," Médecins Sans Frontières, February 2000,
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, Appendix 4, p. 8.

41. Testimony of a representative of a humanitarian organization operating in Kajo Keji County, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," Médecins Sans Frontières, February 2000, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, Appendix 4, p. 4.

42. Testimony of a senior member of the civil administration of Kajo Keji, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," Médecins Sans Frontières, February 2000,
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, Appendix 4, p. 4.

43. Testimony of a non-governmental organization field manager for Yei program, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," Médecins Sans Frontières, February 2000,
http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, Appendix 4, p. 6.

44. Médecins Sans Frontières, "Living under aerial bombardments: Report of an investigation in the Province of Equatoria, Southern Sudan," February 2000, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/sdbomrap.pdf, p. 10.

45. "Group accuse Sudan of bombing civilians in south," Agence France Presse (Nairobi), 10 July 1996.

46. United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network, "IRIN Update for Central and Eastern Africa," 24 June 1999.

47. Médecins Sans Frontières, "MSF states that the Sudan violates international humanitarian law," (Nairobi), 20 March 2000.

48. Richard Boulter, "Summary of Preliminary Findings: Chukudum South Sudan 6-11 November 1996," Christian Solidarity International; Gunnar Wiebalck, "Mine-Clearing Chukudum/Sudan," Christian Solidarity International, 13 November 1996.

49. "Reclaiming The Land In New Sudan," African News (Nairobi), 01 June 1998.